Óñëîâèå íà ôóíêöèþ
f(a)*f(b) <= 0
Áèíàðíûé ïîèñê, èñïîëüçîâàííûé äëÿ ïîèñêà â îòñîðòèðîâàííîì ìàññèâå, — óíèâåðñàëüíûé ìåòîä, ïðèìåíÿåìûé â ðàçíûõ îáëàñòÿõ.
Òàê, åãî ìîæíî ïðèìåíÿòü äëÿ íàõîæäåíèÿ êîðíåé ôóíêöèè íà îòðåçêå, åñëè ôóíêöèÿ ïðèíèìàåò íà êîíöàõ îòðåçêà çíà÷åíèÿ ðàçíîãî çíàêà. Ðàññìîòðèì çíà÷åíèå ôóíêöèè â ñåðåäèíå äàííîãî îòðåçêà. Åñëè ýòî çíà÷åíèå èìååò ðàçíûé çíàê ñî çíà÷åíèåì ôóíêöèè íà ëåâîé ãðàíèöå îòðåçêà, òî èìååò ñìûñë èñêàòü êîðåíü ôóíêöèè â ëåâîé ïîëîâèíå îòðåçêà.  ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå èìååò ñìûñë èñêàòü êîðåíü ôóíêöèè â ïðàâîé ïîëîâèíå îòðåçêà. Êàæäàÿ òàêàÿ èòåðàöèÿ ñîêðàùàåò äèàïàçîí ïîèñêà êîðíåé âäâîå, ÷òî âåäåò ê áûñòðîìó óìåíüøåíèþ äëèíû ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî îòðåçêà. Êàê òîëüêî äëèíà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî îòðåçêà ñòàíîâèòñÿ ìåíüøå íåêîåãî ýïñèëîí, çàäàííîãî ïîëüçîâàòåëåì, ïîèñê ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü çàêîí÷åííûì, òàê êàê ëþáàÿ òî÷êà ýòîãî îòðåçêà ïðèáëèæàåò êîðåíü ôóíêöèè ñ çàäàííîé òî÷íîñòüþ ýïñèëîí.
Ïðîãðàììà ïîèñêà êîðíÿ ôóíêöèè f(x) íà îòðåçêå [a, b] ñ òî÷íîñòüþ eps:
#include <stdio.h>
double f(double x);
int main(void) {
double a, b, c, eps;
printf("Input interval (a, b) and epsilon\n");
scanf("%lf%lf%lf", &a, &b, &eps);
if (f(a)*f(b) > 0) {
printf("Function values at the interval ends are the same sign\n");
return -1;
}
while ((b-a) >= eps) {
c = (a + b) / 2;
if (f(a)*f(c) <=0 ) {
b = c;
} else {
a = c;
}
}
printf("Function root: %lf\n", (a + b)/2);
return 0;
}
double f(double x) {
return x*x – 5;
}
Ìåòîä Íüþòîíà ïîèñêà êîðíåé ôóíêöèè îñíîâàí íà ïîñòðîåíèè ðåêóððåíòíîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè òî÷åê, âñå áîëåå òî÷íî ïðèáëèæàþùèõ èñêîìûé êîðåíü ôóíêöèè.
Îí íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ àáñîëþòíî íàäåæíûì, êàê ìåòîä äåëåíèÿ îòðåçêà ïîïîëàì, òàê êàê ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ, ÷òî ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ðàñõîäèòñÿ.
Îäíàêî â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ îí îêàçûâàåòñÿ ïîëåçíûì.
Êàæäàÿ òî÷êà â ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè x0→x1→x2→x3→… (êðîìå òî÷êè x0, çàäàâàåìîé ïîëüçîâàòåëåì) íàõîäèòñÿ èç ïðåäûäóùåé ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: â òî÷êå xi ïðîâîäèòñÿ êàñàòåëüíàÿ ê ôóíêöèè è ìåñòî ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ ýòîé êàñàòåëüíîé è îñè X âûáèðàåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå òî÷êè xi+1.
Ïðîãðàììà ïîèñêà êîðíÿ ôóíêöèè f(x) ìåòîäîì Íüþòîíà:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
double f(double x);
double df(double x);
int main(void) {
double a, eps;
printf("Input starting point a and epsilon\n");
scanf("%lf%lf", &a, &eps);
while (fabs(f(a)) > eps) {
/* if (N>1000) { … } */
if (df(a) == 0) {
printf("The method is inappropriate\n");
return -1;
}
a = a – f(a)/df(a);
}
printf("Function root: %lf\n", a);
return 0;
}
double f(double x) {
return x*x - 5;
}
double df(double x) {
return 2*x;
}
Ìåòîä õîðä ïîèñêà êîðíåé ôóíêöèè òàêæå îñíîâàí íà ïîñòðîåíèè ðåêóððåíòíîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè òî÷åê, âñå áîëåå òî÷íî ïðèáëèæàþùèõ èñêîìûé êîðåíü ôóíêöèè.
Îí òàêæå íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ àáñîëþòíî íàäåæíûì, êàê ìåòîä äåëåíèÿ îòðåçêà ïîïîëàì, òàê êàê ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ, ÷òî ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ðàñõîäèòñÿ.
Îäíàêî â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ îí òàêæå îêàçûâàåòñÿ ïîëåçíûì.
Êàæäàÿ òî÷êà â ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè x0→x1→x2→x3→… (êðîìå òî÷åê x0 è x1, çàäàâàåìûõ ïîëüçîâàòåëåì) íàõîäèòñÿ èç äâóõ ïðåäûäóùåé ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: ÷åðåç òî÷êè (xi ,f(xi)) è (xi+1,f(xi+1)) ïðîâîäèòñÿ ïðÿìàÿ (ñåêóùàÿ) è ìåñòî ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ ýòîé ïðÿìîé è îñè X âûáèðàåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå òî÷êè xi+2.
Ñîñòàâèì óðàâíåíèå äëÿ ïîèñêà òî÷êè c ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ õîðäû, ïðîõîäÿùåé ÷åðåç òî÷êè (a,f(a)) è (b,f(b)):
f(b)/f(a) = (b-c)/(a-c)
Îòñþäà íàõîäèì òî÷êó ñ = (f(a)*b-f(b)*a)/(f(a)-f(b)).
Ïðîãðàììà ïîèñêà êîðíÿ ôóíêöèè f(x) ìåòîäîì õîðä:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
double f(double x);
int main(void) {
double a, b, c, eps;
printf("Input starting points a and b and epsilon\n");
scanf("%lf%lf%lf", &a, &b, &eps);
while (fabs(f(a)) > eps) {
if (f(a) == f(b)) {
printf("The method is inappropriate\n");
return -1;
}
c = (f(a)*b-f(b)*a)/(f(a)-f(b));
a = b;
b = c;
}
printf("Function root: %lf\n", b);
return 0;
}
double f(double x) {
return x*x – 4;
}
Öåëîå ÷èñëî ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ â ïàìÿòè êîìïüþòåðà â äâîè÷íîì âèäå:
Íàïðèìåð, ÷èñëî 13:
31 |
30 |
29 |
28 |
27 |
26 |
25 |
... |
7 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 (çíàê) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Íàïðèìåð, ÷èñëî -13:
Ïðÿìîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå:
31 |
30 |
29 |
28 |
27 |
26 |
25 |
... |
7 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
1 (çíàê) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Äîïîëíèòåëüíûé êîä (èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ÷àùå âñåãî):
31 |
30 |
29 |
28 |
27 |
26 |
25 |
... |
7 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
1 (çíàê) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
+
0 (çíàê) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
=
0 (çíàê) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1+1 = 0 (1 â óìå)
1+0 (+1) = 0 (1 â óìå)
…
1+0 (+1) = 0 (1 â óìå — èäåò â áèò ïðîöåññîðà (ARM áèò Overflow))
Ñòàðøèé áèò — ïðîïàäàåò èç ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ÷èñëà (íî íå èç ïðîöåññîðà)
Âåùåñòâåííûå ÷èñëà:
1000000000 = 0.1 * 10^10
0.00000000000001 = 0.1 * 10^(-13)
1000000000.00000000000001 = 0.100000000000000000000001 * 10^10
31 |
30 |
29 |
28 |
27 |
26 |
25 |
... |
7 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 (çíàê) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Ìàíòèññà (âûäåëåíî êðàñíûì) — çíà÷àùèå öèôðû
Îðäèíàòà (ïîðÿäîê) (âûäåëåíî ñèíèì) — ñòåïåíü 10
Åñëè ìàíòèññà íå ïîìåùàåòñÿ â îòâåäåíííûå ïîä íåå áèòû, òî ìëàäøèå çíà÷àùèå öèôðû ïðîïàäàþò (îêðóãëÿþòñÿ)
Ïðèìåð
1.
1+x = 1
x = 0.1 * 10*^(-22)
1 + 0.00000000000000000000001 = 1.00000000000000000000001 = 0.100000000000000000000001 * 10^(-1) =
= 0.10000000000000000000000 * 10^(-1)
Åñëè âñÿ ìàíòèññà ñóììû íå ïîìåñòèòñÿ â îòâåäåííûå ïîä íåå áèòû, òî ìëàäøèå öèôðà îòáðîñÿòñÿ =>
ðåçóëüòàò áóäåò ðàâåí 1
Ìàøèííûì ýïñèëîí äëÿ äàííîé âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëüøåå ñðåäè âåùåñòâåíííûõ ÷èñåë x, ïðåäñòàâèìûõ â ýòîé ñèñòåìå è óäîâëåòâîðÿþùèõ â íåé ñîîòíîøåíèþ 1+x=1. Òàêîå ñîîòíîøåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîçìîæíûì äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ î÷åíü ìàëåíüêèõ ÷èñåë, òàê êàê â âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ñèñòåìå çíà÷àùèå öèôðû ÷èñëà (ìàíòèññà) õðàíÿòñÿ ñ íåêîòîðîé òî÷íîñòüþ, òî åñòü îêðóãëÿþòñÿ òàê, ÷òîáû ïîìåñòèòüñÿ â ÿ÷åéêå ïàìÿòè íåêîòîðîãî ðàçìåðà, îïðåäåëåííîãî äëÿ äàííîé âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû. Ïðè ïðèáàâëåíèè òàêîãî î÷åíü ìàëåíüêîãî ÷èñëà ê åäèíèöå êîëè÷åñòâî çíà÷àùèõ öèôð óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ çà ñ÷åò ïîÿâëåíèÿ áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà íóëåé ïîñëå ñòàðøåé 1. Íàïðèìåð, ó ñóììû 1 + 0.000001 = 1.000001 êîëè÷åñòâî çíà÷àùèõ öèôð 7, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ó èñõîäíûõ ÷èñåë áûëî ïî îäíîé çíà÷àùåé öèôðå.
Ïðè ïîìåùåíèè ðåçóëüòàòà ñóììèðîâàíèÿ â ïàìÿòè âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû ïîñëåäíèå çíà÷àùèå öèôðû ìîãóò óðåçàòüñÿ, ÷òîáû ðåçóëüòàò ïîìåñòèëñÿ â ÿ÷åéêå ïàìÿòè. Åñëè òàêèì îáðàçîì óðåçàþòñÿ âñå çíà÷àùèå öèôðû ìàëåíüêîãî ÷èñëà, òî ðåçóëüòàòîì, ïîìåùåííûì â ÿ÷åéêó ïàìÿòè, áóäåò 1.
Ïðîãðàììà ïîèñêà ìàøèííîãî ýïñèëîí
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
double x = 1;
while (1 + x > 1) {
x /= 2;
}
printf("Mach epsilon: %lf\n", x);
return 0;
}
Çàäà÷à: Íàéòè 1000 ÷èñåë, êîòîðûå ïðè ñëîæåíèè â ïðîãðàììå â ïðÿìîì è îáðàòíîì ïîðÿäêå äàþò ðàçíûé ðåçóëüòàò (ïîäñêàçêà — èñïîëüçîâàòü ìàøèííîå ýïñèëîí)